Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Complicates the Spanish conquest of Peru by seeking to overturn the interpretation made by 16th century Spanish writers and modern academics that cast the Inca-Spanish encounter as a battle between two clearly defined sides,

Incas --- History --- First contact with other peoples.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hawaiians --- First contact with other peoples. --- Wilcox, Elsie

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Doña Marina (La Malinche) .Pocahontas .Sacagawea—their names live on in historical memory because these women bridged the indigenous American and European worlds, opening the way for the cultural encounters, collisions, and fusions that shaped the social and even physical landscape of the modern Americas. But these famous individuals were only a few of the many thousands of people who, intentionally or otherwise, served as "go-betweens" as Europeans explored and colonized the New World. In this innovative history, Alida Metcalf thoroughly investigates the many roles played by go-betweens in the colonization of sixteenth-century Brazil. She finds that many individuals created physical links among Europe, Africa, and Brazil—explorers, traders, settlers, and slaves circulated goods, plants, animals, and diseases. Intercultural liaisons produced mixed-race children. At the cultural level, Jesuit priests and African slaves infused native Brazilian traditions with their own religious practices, while translators became influential go-betweens, negotiating the terms of trade, interaction, and exchange. Most powerful of all, as Metcalf shows, were those go-betweens who interpreted or represented new lands and peoples through writings, maps, religion, and the oral tradition. Metcalf's convincing demonstration that colonization is always mediated by third parties has relevance far beyond the Brazilian case, even as it opens a revealing new window on the first century of Brazilian history.

Indians of South America --- Conquerors --- First contact with other peoples --- History --- Brazil --- Colonization.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This work answers the hypothetical question: What would the Americas be like today-politically, economically, culturally-if Columbus and the Europeans had never found them, and how would American peoples interact with the world's other societies? It assumes that Columbus did not embark from Spain in 1492 and that no Europeans found or settled the New World afterward, leaving the peoples of the two American continents free to follow the natural course of their Native lives. The Americas That Might Have Been is a professional but layman-accessible, fact-based, nonfi

Indians --- First contact with other peoples. --- Transatlantic influences. --- Colonization. --- America --- Europe --- Discovery and exploration. --- Colonies

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The eight essays in this study reassess evidence about the plausibility of the widely accepted guns and germs theories which put forward firepower advantages and inadvertent disease importation as the two main causes of European imperial expansion overseas during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. All argue that these theories are important but oversimplified. The effectiveness of firepower and disease impacts on specific groups of New World indigenes were always conditioned by time, place, and cultural characteristics. Long range communication control was sometimes more important. Above all, motives driving invasions and conquests were often more influential than means and methodologies.

Diseases and history --- Indians --- Military art and science --- History. --- First contact with other peoples. --- History.